Funksjonell Webdesign - 4: Å skille mellom innhold og presentasjon

	Oppgave 1 i Digitale Læringsressurser: Kommentarer til Jacob Nielsens "Funksjonell Webdesign" - Besvarelse
	Del 4: Å skille innhold og presentasjon Tim Berners-Lee, mannen som introduserte web for en hel verden, la vekt på den semantiske modellen for presentasjon på web, ikke på presentasjonen. For ham var innholdet, og ikke først og fremst utseendet det viktige. Dette gjorde at skrift ble kodet etter overskrifter i nivåer <H1>, <H2> osv, i tillegg til brødtekst. Med en slik modell kunne brukerens utstyr bestemme hvordan overskrifter og brødtekst ble seende ut. Men etter en tid snek den presentasjonsbaserte kodingen seg inn, og de som skrev for web fikk muligheten til mer nøyaktig å bestemme størrelse og utseende på skrifta i sin ”presentasjon”. For eksempel Garamond 18, fet, kursiv. Svakheten med en slik ”WYSIWYG” modell for web ble etter hvert klar, da det viste seg at brukere har svært ulike plattformer, som vil vise denne skrifta forskjellig. Hvordan vil en slik kodet skrift ta seg ut på en maskin som mangler denne skrifttypen? Ikke som forventet i alle fall. Nielsen gjør seg derfor til talsmann for Berners-Lees opprinnelige metode, med semantisk tekstkoding. Her kommer stilark eller CSS inn i bildet. CSS står for ’Cascading Style Sheets’, og disse kan enten legges direkte inn i HTML-dokumentet eller kobles til HTML-dokumentet fra egne stilark, lagret på server. Nielsen belyser de ulike bruksmåtene for CSS og hevder at et eller flere overordnede stilark kan imøtekomme designerens behov for å presentere for ulike plattformer. Man bør heller bruke noen få overordnede stilark enn en rekke stilark på lavere nivå, fordi dette gir mer tid til arbeidet med innholdet i nettsider, gjør design for ulike plattformer enklere (via JavaScript eller annen teknologi kan man sjekke brukerens skjermstørrelse, og bruke dette til å velge det korrekte stilarket), og styrker enheten i nettstedets design – noe som i seg selv er et pluss for brukerne. Stilarkene omfatter ikke lenger bare definisjon for skrifter, men for alle html-elementer; bilder, skjemaer, tabeller osv., og i tillegg kan man definere egne stiler. For eksempel en egen stil for en ingress i en artikkel, ikke ulikt det man gjør i tekstbehandlere. Ut fra teksten leder jeg følgende prinsipp som Nielsen mener man bør følge: Bruk semantisk, ikke presentasjonsbasert, koding av tekst og innholdselementer på en nettside. Bruk standardskrifter og hold deg til 1 eller 2 skriftvisninger (basert på 3-4 ulike skrifttyper). Bruk (helst) ikke punkter som angivelse av skriftstørrelse. Bruk noen få overordnede stilark (CSS) for hele nettstedet. Dette gir mulighet for enkel tilpasning til ulike plattformer for visning, styrker nettstedets enhetlighet, og dermed brukerens opplevelse av at nettstedet / nettsidene tilhører samme enhet. Bruk av semantisk koding og eksterne stilark gjør det mye enklere å vedlikeholde nettsteder og gjør at man står bedre rustet til å utnytte framtidige muligheter for optimalisert skjermvisning. Lær å bruke taggene i HTML og koble disse så til eksterne stilark Det er all grunn til å merke seg Nielsens rammetekst på side 43: ”Data varer evig”. Selv om presentasjonsformen endrer seg, vil data som er lagret ha evig verdi, fordi disse siden kan presenteres i andre former. Velstrukturerte data varer evig. Presentasjonsformen vil endre seg.
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